لطمة البحرية الأمريكية وعملية “السرعوف”.. التاريخ يعيد نفسه بمضيق هرمز

(CNN)– Pomwe Purezidenti akuyang’ana Donald Lipenga Popereka malamulo ku zombo US Navy Kuperekeza zonyamula mafuta kudutsa Mtsinje wa HormuzOpenda zankhondo ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale ali ndi malingaliro omveka bwino kuti adakhalapo kale“.

Pafupifupi zaka 40 zapitazo, zombo zankhondo za US Navy zinayang’anizana ndi mdani yemweyo amene angakumane nawo lerolino; Mwakutero, asitikali apamadzi ndi asitikali apamadzi a Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.

Zomwe zimatchedwa “nkhondo ya tanker” kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980 zinawona kuwonekera kwa zida ndi mavuto omwewo omwe asilikali operekeza a ku America angakumane nawo lero; Linaperekanso maphunziro a mmene zinthu zingachitikire mwamsanga ndi m’njira zosayembekezereka mkati mwa nkhondo, ndi zotulukapo zowopsa ndi zakupha..

M’munsimu muli kupenda mmene zinthu zinachitikira panthawiyo:

Nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq

Mbewu za “nkhondo yankhondo” zidabzalidwa mu 1980, pomwe mtsogoleri wadziko la Iraq Saddam Hussein, wowopa boma losintha zachipembedzo la Iran lotsogozedwa ndi Khomeini, adayambitsa kuwukira kwa mnansi wake wakum’mawa..

Pambuyo pa kupita patsogolo kotsatizana ndi kubwerera mmbuyo pakati pa zipani ziŵirizo kuchiyambi kwa ma 1980, pofika 1984 mkhalidwe unali utafika poipa, nasanduka nkhondo yachiwembu. Panthawiyi, Saddam Hussein adaganiza zosintha njira zake ndikuyamba kuloza matanki amafuta aku Iran. Izi ndi cholinga chowononga chuma cha Iran, komanso ndikuyembekeza kulimbikitsa maulamuliro apadziko lonse lapansi kuti alowererepo kuti ateteze ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mafuta akuyenda bwino.

Iraq idagwiritsa ntchito ndege zomwe zili ndi zida zoponya zoponya kuti ziwombe zida zamafuta aku Iran pachilumba cha Khark (malo omwewo pomwe United States idaphulitsa bomba, kutsata zida zankhondo masiku angapo apitawa). Iran inachitapo kanthu mwa kuukira zombo zamalonda zosaloŵerera m’zandale zonyamula katundu ndi zida kupita ku Iraq, pamene mbali yaikulu ya katunduyo inadutsa ku Kuwait, yomwe ili kumapeto kwa kumpoto kwa Gulf.

Wolemba mbiri Samuel Cox adalemba mu kafukufuku wakale yemwe adakonza mu 2019 ku US Naval History and Heritage Command. (NHHC): “Kenako dziko la Iraq linayamba kuukira sitima za mafuta zopita ku chilumba cha Kharg kapena kuchokera ku chilumba cha Kharg; Motero ‘Nkhondo Ya Akasinja’ inayamba‘”.

Kulowa ku United States pamzere

Liwiro la kuukira kwa magalimoto apanyanja ndi mbali zonse ziwiri linakula kwambiri pazaka ziwiri zotsatira; Mu Novembala 1986, Kuwait idapempha thandizo lakunja kuti lipereke chitetezo kwa zombo zake, itatha kudyetsedwa ndi kulunjika mobwerezabwereza kwa zombo zowulutsa mbendera yake.

Dziko la Soviet Union linali loyamba kupereka thandizo, chifukwa linaperekeza sitima za mafuta m’nyanja ya Gulf.

Poyankha, Washington – yofunitsitsa kuti asatayike ku Moscow – adapanga dongosolo lolembetsanso zombo za Kuwaiti pansi pa mbendera ya ku America, kuwalola kupeza chitetezo cha US Navy pansi pa malamulo a federal..

Pofika m’chilimwe cha 1987, zombo za US Navy ndi Coast Guard zinali zitadzaza unyinji mkati mwa Gulf waters kuperekeza akale akasinja akale a Kuwait..

Komabe, ngakhale maulendo operekeza asanayambe, amalinyero aku America adakumana ndi ngozi yomwe idatsala pang’ono kuchitika.

Kuukira kwa USS Stark“

Madzulo a May 17, 1987, USS Stark, frigate ya mizinga yotsogoleredwa, inali kulondera chapakati pa Persian Gulf, kunja kwa “malo opanda nkhondo.” Kenako, pazochitika zomwe akuti zidachitika chifukwa chodziwika molakwika, ndege yankhondo yaku Iraq idalunjika kunkhondo yankhondo yaku America, ndikuyiyika ngati chandamale cha Iran, ndipo idawombera mivi iwiri yolimbana ndi zombo za Exocet.

Cox, wa Naval Historical Heritage Center, analemba (NHHC): “Mivi iwiriyi idapha anthu 29 ogwira ntchito m’sitimayo ‘Stark’ (omwe anali ndi mamembala pafupifupi 220) nthawi yomweyo, pomwe ena asanu ndi atatu adamwalira ndi mabala awo ndi kupsa, pomwe ena 21 adavulala.”

“Zoyeserera zowononga zomwe zidachitika mu ‘Stark’ sizinali zamphamvu,” adawonjezera. Ngakhale ovulala, ogwira ntchitoyo amayenera kulimbana ndi moto wofika ku 3,500 madigiri Fahrenheit (pafupifupi madigiri 2,000 Celsius), ndikuwongolera phokoso lakuthwa m’sitimayo – chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwa moto – zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke, Stark adatha kufika ku doko la Bahrain pogwiritsa ntchito injini zake.

Iraq inapepesa, koma chochitikacho chinavumbula momwe zolakwa pa nthawi ya nkhondo zingabweretse zotsatira zoopsa (ndipo pankhondo yamakono, asilikali a Kuwaiti adawombera ndege zitatu zankhondo zaku America). F-15 Muzochitika zofananira za “moto wochezeka”, ngakhale palibe oyendetsa ndege aku America omwe adaphedwa)

M’mawu ake amene ananena atangoukira kumene ku Stark, pulezidenti Ronald Reagan anati: “Zoopsa zomwe zimawopseza amuna ndi akazi athu atavala yunifolomu pamene akuteteza ufulu ndi zoopsa zomwe sitingathe kuzinyalanyaza.

Panali zoopsa zina zomwe zinali kuwayembekezera.

Kuwombera kwa US Navy

Pansi pa dzina lakuti “Operation Sincere Will.”(Operation Earnest Will) Wotchedwa US Navy, idayamba ntchito yoperekeza onyamula mafuta kumapeto kwa Julayi 1987.

Pa Julayi 22, akasinja awiri – omwe mbendera zawo zidasinthidwa – adachoka ku United Arab Emirates kupita ku Kuwait, motetezedwa ndi zombo zankhondo zaku America zomwe zili ndi zombo zisanu: wowononga, ma frigate awiri, ndi mabwato awiri achitetezo a m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Komabe, Iran inali ndi zidziwitso zolondola zokhudzana ndi convoy, motero idabzala migodi kudzera mumsewu wofunikira wamadzi ku Gulf womwe thanki yayikulu yotchedwa “Bridgeton” idayenera kudutsa..

“Pa Julayi 24, sitima yamadzi yotchedwa Bridgeton inagundana ndi mgodi waku Iran womwe udatsekedwa,” akutero Cox, yemwe adalemba tsatanetsatane wa zomwe zidachitika. “Sitima yaikuluyo inakoka mphamvu ya kuphulika kwa mgodiwo, komwe sikunawononge kwambiri sitima ya mafuta, ngakhale kuti kubowo kunadzetsa kukula kwake.”“.

Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Komabe, zotsatira za chochitikacho chinali kutuluka kwa chimodzi mwa zithunzi zochititsa manyazi kwambiri m’mbiri ya mbiri ya asilikali apanyanja a ku America. Chithunzicho chinasonyeza kuti sitima yapamadzi yotchedwa ‘Bridgeton’ ikufika ku Kuwait, pamene zombo zoperekeza zam’mbuyo za ku America zinali kutsatira molunjika, ngati kuti akugwiritsa ntchito sitima yaikulu ya mafuta ngati ‘wosesa migodi’ kuti adzitetezere okha. “

Chochitikachi chinali chochititsa manyazi kwambiri kwa US Navy.

Pentagon yayimitsa ntchito zoperekeza mpaka ingathe kulimbikitsa kupezeka kwake ku Gulf ndi katundu wochulukira. Koma anali kuvutika ndi kusowa kwakukulu ndi komvetsa chisoni kwa zinthuzo, zomwe zinamukakamiza kuti atembenukire kwa Allies kuti apereke zombo zoyendetsa mabomba, US Marine Corps Second Lieutenant Quentin Zimmer analemba m’nkhani yomwe inafalitsidwa chaka chatha ku US Naval Institute.

Ngakhale ndi thandizo la Allied, komanso ndi zinthu zomwe United States idachita kuti ithamangire kuderali, “mphamvu – migodi motsutsana ndi ophulitsa mabomba – idapitilira kupitilira mphamvu zaku America,” adatero Zimmer..

Migodi ndi nkhawa kachiwiri

Kukula kwa migodi yaku Iran yomwe idabzalidwa ku Gulf sikudziwikabe. Network idanenedwa CNN Sabata yatha, akuluakulu aku US adakhulupirira kuti Tehran adabzala migodi mu Strait of Hormuz, koma sipanakhalepo malipoti okhudza zombo zomwe zawononga zombo mpaka pano..

Komabe, pali zombo zochepa kwambiri, ngati zilipo, zaku America zosekera mabomba ku Gulf. Ofufuza migodi anayi odzipereka omwe anali kumeneko anachotsedwa ntchito chaka chatha. Asitikali ankhondo aku US ati zombo ziwiri mwa zitatu zomwe zidayenera kulanda zidali ku Malaysia sabata ino “pamalo opangira zida.”

Ngakhale Purezidenti Trump apempha ogwirizana kuti atumize oyendetsa migodi kuti akathandize kuti Strait of Hormuz ikhale yotseguka, palibe amene wapereka thandizo lankhondo mpaka pano. M’mawu ophatikizana omwe adatulutsidwa Lachinayi, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Japan ndi Canada adalonjeza “kuthandizira pakuchitapo kanthu koyenera kuti adutse bwino pa Strait,” osatchulapo zomwe zitha kukhala..

M’nkhani ya “Nkhondo ya Akasinja,” Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, ndi United Kingdom anavomera pempho la ku America ndipo anatenga nawo mbali m’ntchito zozindikiritsa operekeza ndi migodi. Komabe, asitikali aku America okha ndi omwe adachita nawo mikangano ndi aku Iran, malinga ndi lipoti loperekedwa ndi Middle East Research and Information Project.

Karl Schuster, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa Joint Intelligence Center ya US Pacific Command, adanena kuti kuopsa kwa migodi kukupitirizabe kuchepetsa mphamvu za US Navy ku Gulf ndi kuti “migodi ili ndi maganizo owopsya, kuwonjezera pa momwe amagwirira ntchito, pazochitika zapanyanja.”“.

Schuster adalongosola kuti kuopa migodiyi kumapangitsa kuti zombo zankhondo zaku America zizigwira ntchito ku Gulf, zomwe zingachepetse kuchulukana ndi mphamvu za kugunda kwa ndege ndi zida zomwe zidayambitsidwa ndi US Navy motsutsana ndi Iran..

Sitima yapamadzi ya ku America inatsala pang’ono kugawikana pakati

Cox, wa Maritime Historical Heritage Center, akuti (NHHC), anasonyeza kuti Bridgeton itagunda, palibe maulendo 24 operekeza otsatirawa omwe anawonongeka.

Koma sitima yapamadzi yaku America yomwe inali itangomaliza kumene ntchito yake ya 25 – frigate USS Samuel P. Roberts – idasowa mwayi pa Epulo 14, 1988..

Pamene frigate inali paulendo wokonzekera ulendo wotsatira woperekeza, inakumana ndi minda yamigodi yomwe Iran idabzala usiku watha, malinga ndi Cox.“.

Owonerera ataona frigate “Roberts” mkati mwa malo osungiramo mabomba, woyendetsa ndegeyo adawona njira imodzi yokha yotulukira: kubwereranso kudzera njira yomwe munadutsa kuti mulowemo..

Koma kuyesako kunalephera; Chombo chankhondocho chinagunda mgodi wolumikizana, ndipo chiwopsezo chophulika chomwe chimalemera pafupifupi mapaundi 500 chinaphwanya mtengo wapansi wa a Roberts, ndikusiya dzenje la 15 m’chombo chake chakunja.

Ogwira ntchito m’sitimayo anatha kuchipulumutsa, mwa zina, pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zachitsulo zolemera kwambiri kuti amangirire pamodzi zigawo zosweka za kapangidwe kake kapamwamba. Zotayika zaumunthu zinali zocheperapo khumi ovulala; Izi zili choncho chifukwa woyendetsa sitimayo analamula kuti anthu ambiri alowe pamwamba pa mgodiwo usanaphulike..

Kuwonongeka kwa frigate kunabweretsa vuto la zofooka zaku America m’munda wanga kusesanso kutsogolo.

Kuukira kwanga pa sitima yapamadzi “Roberts” kunayambitsa kubwezera ku America komwe kunawona chochitika chomwe sichinachitikepo m’mbiri ya American Navy, ndipo chinapanga – malinga ndi wolemba mbiri wina wapamadzi – imodzi mwa nkhondo zofunika kwambiri zomwe Navy adamenyanapo..

Opaleshoni “Mantis“

Patatha masiku anayi zomwe zinachitika pamene mgodi wa Irani unatsala pang’ono kugawaniza Roberts pakati, United States inayambitsa “Operation Mantis,” kuukira kwa America komwe kumayang’ana nsanja za mafuta aku Iran kudera la Gulf..

Imodzi mwa nsanjazo idawukiridwa ndi gulu la zombo zitatu zaku America, kuphatikiza frigate USS Simpson. Pamkanganowo, boti loyang’anira anthu aku Iran lidawombera zombo za ku America.

Sitimayo “Simpson” inayankha poyambitsa zida zake zinayi, kulepheretsa bwato la Iranian, lisanamalizidwe ndi moto kuchokera ku gulu la zombo za ku America..

Imeneyi inali nkhondo yoyamba yapamtunda yolimbana ndi zida zoponyera pamodzi m’mbiri ya US Navy.

Patsiku limenelo panali nkhondo zambiri pakati pa United States ndi Iran, kuphatikizapo imodzi yomwe ndege zankhondo zaku America zaukira A-6 Asilikali ankhondo, molumikizana ndi wowononga waku America, adamira frigate yaku Iran poyambitsa zida zankhondo..

M’buku lake lofalitsidwa mu 2005 lotchedwa “Decision at Sea” (Chisankho pa Nyanja), wolemba mbiri yankhondo yapamadzi Craig Simmonds anafotokoza kuti Operation Mantis ndi imodzi mwa nkhondo zisanu zofunika kwambiri zankhondo zapamadzi zomwe zinamenyedwapo ndi United States; Linaliika m’gulu la nkhondo zina zochuka, kuphatikizapo kupambana kwa mbiri yakale kwa Amereka pa Gulu Lankhondo Lapamadzi la Japan pa Midway Island, zimene zinasintha njira ya Nkhondo Yadziko II.

Symonds adanena kuti Opaleshoni “Mantis” inagwirizanitsa udindo wa United States monga mphamvu yosatsutsika padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa inapatsa mphamvu yopangira zisankho zankhondo nthawi yomweyo komanso kuchokera pamtunda wa mailosi zikwizikwi, komanso kutha kuponya mivi mozama kwambiri kuti igunde zombo zomwe zingathe kuyang’aniridwa pakompyuta, komanso kugwirizanitsa nthambi zonse zamagulu ankhondo ndi kugwirizanitsa ntchito zankhondo..

Nkhondo imeneyi, a Simonds analemba, inasonyeza kuti asilikali a ku America anali atapeza umisiri wosiyanasiyana umene unawapangitsa kukhala “gulu lankhondo lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma mphamvu yankhondo yaikulu koposa imene dziko silinaonepo.”“.

Awa ndi mawu omwewo omwe Trump amagwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ponena za nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika panopa m’dera la Gulf.

Komabe, akatswiri ndi akatswiri amanena kuti zinthu zikhoza kusintha pofika 2026.

Tekinoloje yakula, ndipo zida zankhondo zaku Iran zakula. Ma drone otsika mtengo—omwe amatumizidwa panyanja ndi mumlengalenga—awonjezeranso chiwopsezo..

Komanso, chidwi cha Iran sichinasokonezedwe nthawi ino ndi nkhondo yamalire ndi Iraq.

Akatswiri akukayikira ngati kupambana kwa United States pankhondo zapamtunda kwapangitsa kuti anyalanyaze njira zothana ndi migodi. Ndilo gawo lomwe limadziwika ndi kuchedwa komanso kulondola kwambiri, mosiyana ndi nkhondo za missile.

“Asitikali ankhondo aku US ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zochotsa mabomba,” adatero Schuster, yemwe anali kaputeni wakale wa Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo la US. “Nthawi zonse ichi ndi chinthu choyamba kuchotsedwa pakakhala kuchepa kwa bajeti, chifukwa nthawi zonse takhala tikudalira othandizana nawo kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi.”

Ena amadzifunsa ngati United States yakonzeka kuti dziko la Iran litha kutsekanso Strait of Hormuz, komanso chifukwa chiyani ntchito yoperekeza onyamula mafuta inali isanakonzedwe kuyambira chiyambi cha nkhondo..

“Mbiri imadzibwereza yokha,” akutero mlangizi wa zanyanja Frank Coles, yemwe kale anali mkulu wa gulu la Wallem Group, yemwe nthawi ina ankayenda pa sitima zapamadzi zankhondo.

Ananenanso kuti: “Aliyense amene amakumbukira nkhondo ya Iran ndi Iraq amazindikira kuti kuperekeza sitima zapamadzi kunali kofunika panthawiyo. N’zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kuti nkhaniyi si mbali ya kuwerengera ndi kukonzekera pakali pano.”