Bungwe la Information and Decision Support Center la Council of Ministers lidapereka kuwunika kwatsopano momwe lidayang’ana lingaliro la chuma cha siliva ndi zovuta zake zachuma, gawo lazatsopano pazachuma ichi, komanso zovuta zodziwika bwino za kukhazikika kwake.
Iye anafotokoza kuti kukalamba kwa anthu ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri za m’zaka za zana lino, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba, zomwe zimakhudza momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito, momwe misika imaperekera phindu, komanso momwe makampani amachitira ndi kusintha.
M’nkhaniyi, chuma cha siliva chatulukira chifukwa cha kusintha kumeneku, komwe sikumangokhalira kupanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito, koma kumachokera pakulimbikitsana bwino kwa chuma cha anthu ndi teknoloji kupyolera mu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma ndi mgwirizano wa maboma ndi ochita zachuma, kuphatikizapo kuthandizira ndi dongosolo lokhazikika lachidziwitso, lomwe limathandizira kukulitsa, kupititsa patsogolo kupititsa patsogolo chuma ndi kupititsa patsogolo chuma. kufanana pakati pawo ndi nzika zonse.
Lingaliro la chuma cha siliva, kapena chomwe chimadziwika kuti chuma chapamwamba, chawonekera pazaka khumi zapitazi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu okhudzana ndi ukalamba.
Ngakhale kuti palibe tanthawuzo lofanana, nthawi zambiri limadziwika ndi kuyang’ana pa mwayi wobwera chifukwa cha ukalamba. Mawu akuti “silver economy” anganene kuti ndi ntchito zachuma zomwe zimathandiza okalamba kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, wokangalika, ndi waphindu, kapena ntchito zachuma zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa ndi zofunikira za anthu azaka 60 ndi kupitilira apo. Mawuwa akukhudza mbali ziwiri zazikulu: katundu ndi ntchito zomwe anthu okalamba amagwiritsa ntchito mwachindunji, ndi zopereka zawo zachuma monga anthu ogwira ntchito. Choncho, anthu okalamba amagwira ntchito ziwiri: ndi ogula zinthu ndi ntchito zofunika pamoyo wawo, ndi opanga omwe amathandizira pachuma chonse.
Chuma cha siliva chimasiyanitsidwa ndi chuma chachikhalidwe ndi cholinga chake chokwaniritsa zosowa za okalamba, ndikudalira luso laukadaulo, monga luntha lochita kupanga, intaneti yazinthu, mautumiki a digito ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo wamagetsi m’mizinda yanzeru, ndi cholinga chothandizira kudziyimira pawokha ndikuchepetsa malingaliro awo osungulumwa.
Kukula kwa kadyedwe ka anthu azaka za 65 ndi kupitilira apo kwapangitsa kuti aganizirenso komanso kusintha kwa kawonedwe kachuma pa ukalamba (chuma cha siliva). Kukalamba sikukuonedwanso ngati cholemetsa chachuma, koma ndi mwayi wamtengo wapatali wa kukula ndi zatsopano, ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwa nthawi yaitali komwe kumathandizira kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito zachuma. Dziko lapansi likuwona kusintha kofulumira kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe kwakhudza kusintha kwa ntchito, malipiro, ndi zokolola zonse.
Chiwerengero cha okalamba chinafika pafupifupi anthu 1.2 biliyoni mu 2025, omwe akuimira 15% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akuyembekezeka kupitirira anthu 2 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2050, kutanthauza kuti oposa 20% a anthu, ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero choposa katatu kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Msika wapadziko lonse wa Silver Economy Market (SEM) umayang’ana kwambiri zinthu ndi ntchito zomwe zimapangidwira okalamba, monga: nyumba zoyenera, chithandizo chamankhwala chodzitetezera, ndi zinthu zoyenera zachuma.
Ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’gululi zidafika pafupifupi madola 17 thililiyoni mu 2025, ndipo kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse wachuma chasiliva (kukula kwa msika wapadziko lonse wachuma chasiliva pano kumatanthauza gawo lapadera la ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ku katundu ndi ntchito zomwe zidapangidwira okalamba) zidali pafupifupi madola thililiyoni 4.2 mchaka chomwechi, chomwe chikuyimira 25% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaka zopitilira 60, zomwe zimawononga zaka 60 pachaka. 7.6%, kupatula ndalama zomwe boma limagwiritsa ntchito monga chithandizo chamankhwala chothandizira komanso chithandizo chamagulu.
Zikuyembekezeka kuti pofika chaka cha 2030, gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu ndi limodzi mwa anthu asanu ndi limodzi mwa anthu onse padziko lapansi lidzafika zaka 60 ndi kupitirira, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chidzawonjezeka kuchoka pa anthu biliyoni imodzi mu 2020 kufika pa anthu 1.4 biliyoni mu 2030. Zikuyembekezeredwanso kuti chiwerengero cha akuluakulu a zaka 60 ndi kupitirira chidzawirikiza kawiri kuti chifike anthu 2.1 biliyoni pofika zaka 2050 pazaka zitatu ndi 2050. 2020 ndi 2050 kufikira 426 miliyoni. Nesma.
Ngakhale kusinthaku kwa kugawikana kwa anthu komwe kumadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa okalamba kudayamba m’maiko olemera kwambiri, monga Japan, komwe anthu opitilira zaka 60 akuyimira pafupifupi 30% ya anthu, mayiko otsika ndi apakati tsopano akuwona kuchuluka kwa kusinthaku, ndipo maikowa akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi magawo awiri pa atatu a anthu azaka zapakati pa 60 ndi kupitirira pofika 2050.
Munthawi imeneyi, kuwunikaku kudawunikiranso mbali zitatu zazikulu zakusintha kwa anthu zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe:
Choyamba n’chakuti chiŵerengero cha okalamba chikuwonjezereka m’maiko otukuka kumene mofulumira kwambiri kuposa m’maiko otukuka. Ngakhale kuti dziko la France linatenga zaka 115 kuti chiwerengero cha anthu opitirira zaka 65 chikwere kuchoka pa 7% kufika pa 14%, mayiko monga Brazil, China, India ndi Vietnam adzawona kusintha komweku m’zaka zosakwana 30.
Chachiwiri: Zotsatira za kukula kwa moyo wautali zimafikira kumadera onse a dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kum’mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kumene chiwerengero cha okalamba chikuyembekezeka kukwera kuti chifanane ndi milingo ya ku Ulaya, kukwera kuchokera ku 70 miliyoni mu 2020 kufika ku 235 miliyoni pofika 2050.
Chachitatu: Mipata yosangalala ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi, monga kuchuluka kwa okalamba omwe amasangalala ndi zaka zambiri za moyo wathanzi poyerekeza ndi mibadwo yam’mbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti apitirizebe kuchita nawo ntchito ndikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuti athe kuthana bwino ndi kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu.
Kukalamba kwa anthu kwalandira chidwi chowonjezeka padziko lonse lapansi m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ndi World Health Organisation ikufotokoza kuti ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe anthu achita, koma nthawi yomweyo zikuyimira vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limabweretsa mavuto azachuma komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu m’maiko onse.
Bungweli linagogomezera kuti kuthana ndi izi kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu pa ndale pa mayiko, mayiko, madera ndi madera, kuchenjeza kuti kulephera kuyankha kudzachititsa kuti pakhale zovuta zambiri zamagulu, zachuma ndi ndale.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mu Epulo 2002 ku Madrid, Msonkhano Wachiwiri Wadziko Lonse wokhudza Ukalamba udatengera dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi kuti athane ndi mwayi ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ukalamba wa anthu m’zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi chimodzi, komanso kulimbikitsa kumanga gulu lomwe limaphatikizapo mibadwo yonse.
Bungwe la Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging (MIPAA) limapereka ndondomeko yothandiza anthu opanga ndondomeko pothana ndi kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, pamene akufuna kuti kuphatikizidwe kwa nkhani za ukalamba mu ndondomeko za dziko ndi mapulogalamu a chitukuko.
Dongosololi limayang’ana kwambiri nkhwangwa zitatu zazikulu:
Anthu okalamba ndi chitukuko, kulimbikitsa thanzi ndi moyo wabwino mu ukalamba, ndikupanga malo othandizira ndi othandizira.
Zimakhazikitsidwanso ndi njira yopita pansi yomwe imatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kwake molingana ndi zochitika zenizeni za dera lililonse, pamene ikukhudzana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana ogwira nawo ntchito, kuphatikizapo anthu achikulire okha, kuti apeze njira zothetsera chidziwitso, miyambo ndi miyambo ya m’deralo, kuphatikizapo kutsindika kufunikira kwa kuyang’anitsitsa kosalekeza ndi kuunika kuti atenge maphunziro ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito.
Bungwe la World Health Organization (Regional Office for Europe) layamba zokambirana zake zoyamba ndi Mayiko Amembala kuti akonzekere njira yatsopano yachigawo yokhudzana ndi ukalamba yotchedwa “Kukalamba Ndi Moyo: Kulimbikitsa Moyo Wathanzi ndi Umoyo Wonse (2026-2030).” Njirayi ikufuna kuthandizira maiko kuti apange magulu ophatikizana komanso machitidwe azaumoyo kwa anthu okalamba, poyang’ana pa kupewa, kusintha machitidwe osamalira komanso kupanga malo omwe amathandiza kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo waukalamba mu thanzi ndi ulemu, pamene akulimbikitsa ndalama za nthawi yayitali kuti athe kupititsa patsogolo malo omwe amathandiza kuti ukalamba ukhale wathanzi kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
UNFPA yawona ukalamba wa anthu ngati chipambano chapadziko lonse lapansi pachitukuko, koma ikufuna kuganiziranso mizati yoyambira yamasiku ano, monga mapulani a penshoni, misika yantchito, chisamaliro chaumoyo, maphunziro, nyumba, ndi zomangamanga.
Pofuna kuthandiza maiko kuthana ndi zovuta za kuchepa kwa chonde, kusamuka, ndi kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, Fund idakhazikitsa Demographic Resilience Program kuti ithandizire mayiko pagawo lililonse la kusintha kwa anthu.
Pulogalamuyi ikuphatikizapo kusonkhanitsa deta ya chiwerengero cha anthu, kusanthula mgwirizano pakati pa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chitukuko, ndi zokambirana za ndondomeko, kuphatikizapo kupereka chithandizo chaukadaulo pokonza njira ndi ndondomeko zothana ndi ukalamba wa anthu, kuchepa kwa anthu, ndi kusamuka.
Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti zotsatira zazachuma za ukalamba wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndizosiyanasiyana, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chonde, kufa komanso kusamuka. Popeza kuti nthawi ya moyo wa munthu imadutsa pa nthawi ya kubadwa, maphunziro, ntchito, kenako kupuma pantchito, malire a zaka zogwirira ntchito zachuma ndi kupuma pantchito poyerekeza ndi zaka zomwe amayembekeza kukhala ndi moyo zimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pazachuma. Kuchuluka kwa anthu azaka zogwira ntchito (zaka 15-64) kumathandizira kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kukula, pomwe kuchuluka kwa anthu odalira okalamba (zaka 65 ndi kupitilira apo poyerekeza ndi zaka zogwirira ntchito) kumabweretsa mavuto pakukula ndi zachuma za anthu chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama zapenshoni, chithandizo chamankhwala ndi chisamaliro chanthawi yayitali, makamaka pakukulitsa zaka za moyo wopuma pantchito.
Nkhaniyi siimangokhala pa nthawi ya zaka, koma imaphatikizapo kukalamba kwa thupi, monga thanzi ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito zimakhudza zisankho kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali mumsika wa ntchito ndi zokolola, zomwe zimawonekera mu zisankho zokhudzana ndi maphunziro, ntchito, ndi kupulumutsa, ndiyeno pazochitika zonse za ntchito ndi kukula kwachuma.
Ngakhale kuti chuma cha siliva chimapereka mwayi wodalirika wopititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu, chimayang’anizana ndi zovuta zomwe zimafuna kulowererapo mwanzeru, zomwe zimafuna kupititsa patsogolo kuwonekera, kukhwimitsa kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Palinso zofooka mu mautumiki ndi zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa okalamba, chifukwa nthawi zina zimawonedwa ngati msika wachikhalidwe womwe sufunikira zatsopano. Choncho, mabungwe othandizira ndi magulu a anthu okalamba, ndi kulimbikitsa mapulogalamu omwe amapititsa patsogolo ntchito zawo ndikugwiritsa ntchito luso lawo, zimakhala zofunikira kuti athe kuwapatsa mphamvu komanso kutenga nawo mbali mogwira mtima.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa gawo la okalamba kwathandizira kuti pakhale mwayi wopeza ndalama zambiri komanso mwayi wopanga zinthu zatsopano m’magawo angapo. Zaumoyo, gawo lazachipatala likukula modabwitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa chithandizo chamankhwala komanso matekinoloje apamwamba azaumoyo omwe amakwaniritsa zosowa za okalamba.
Muukadaulo, mayankho anzeru monga zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi mapulogalamu, mawotchi anzeru, ndi kuwunika kwazizindikiro zofunika zakhala zida zazikulu zosinthira moyo wawo, kuphatikiza pakuthandizira kwachuma cha digito ndi luntha lochita kupanga pakuwongolera kayendetsedwe kazachuma ndikuwateteza ku chinyengo chazachuma.
Ukadaulo wapanyumba wanzeru ndi intaneti ya Zinthu zathandiziranso kuti pakhale malo otetezeka komanso omasuka m’nyumba, pomwe amatumiza zidziwitso kwa mabanja kapena osamalira pakazindikirika kusintha kulikonse kwamayendedwe.
Ponena za gawo la zokopa alendo, kufunikira kwa zokumana nazo zoyenda bwino komanso zaumwini zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zaumoyo ndi moyo wa okalamba zikuchulukirachulukira, zomwe zimalimbitsa chuma chakumaloko pakuwonjezera kufunikira kwa ntchito zama hotelo ndi malo odyera, zimathandizira kuyika ndalama pazomangamanga ndikupereka mwayi watsopano wantchito.
Kukula kwa machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito gululi kwadzetsa kuganiziridwanso kwa chuma cha siliva, kotero kuti kukalamba sikukhalanso cholemetsa chazachuma, koma kumayimira mwayi wakukula ndi zatsopano, ndi kuthekera kwanthawi yayitali kukulitsa zokolola komanso kupititsa patsogolo chuma, potengera ndondomeko zomwe zimathandizira ukalamba wathanzi ndikulimbikitsa kutenga nawo gawo kwa okalamba pamsika wantchito.
Kuwunikaku kunatsimikizira kuti ukalamba wa anthu ukuwonetsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa anthu komwe kumabweretsa zovuta komanso zovuta pamisika yantchito, ntchito zopuma pantchito komanso zaumoyo, koma nthawi yomweyo zimatsegula zatsopano zachuma.
Chuma cha siliva ndi dongosolo lomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa anthu ndi ukadaulo komanso kupititsa patsogolo zopereka za okalamba monga ogula ndi opanga. Kuthandizira ndi zatsopano ndi ndondomeko zosinthika kumathandiza kuti phindu la kusinthaku likhale lopambana.
Zambiri za Atumiki: Ntchito 465 miliyoni zolumikizidwa ndi malonda apadziko lonse mu 2024
