Kuopsa kwa zida zankhondo za US-Israel ku Iran
Nkhondo ya US-Israel pa Iran ndi zotsatira zake pa mayiko angapo m’derali zikuopseza mndandanda wa zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zingasinthe kukhala tsoka lomwe likuwopseza mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka, chifukwa cha mpweya wamagulu okhudzidwa ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe amabwera chifukwa cha zida ndi mabomba, kuphatikizapo moto m’malo ankhondo ndi anthu wamba. Amapanga mitambo wandiweyani ya utsi wakuda wokhala ndi zitsulo zapoizoni ndi ma dioxins (omwe amalowa mosavuta muzakudya ndikuyambitsa zovuta zathanzi mwa anthu monga kusokonezeka kwa mahomoni, zovuta zachitetezo chamthupi, komanso nthawi zina chiopsezo chotenga khansa powonekera kwa nthawi yayitali kapena kuchuluka kwambiri).
Idadalira magwero osiyanasiyana aboma komanso asayansi kuti apereke kuwunika kwatsatanetsatane kwachilengedwe chankhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku Middle East. Zomwe zidapezeka zidaphatikizanso zidziwitso zovomerezeka za US department of Defense pa zida ndi malo omwe akutsata, komanso kuwunika kwa zida zankhondo zaku Iran zomwe zidaperekedwa kudzera mu kuwunika kwa US National Intelligence Service (ODNI), kuwonjezera pakuwunika kwa luso la mizinga kudzera ku Center for Strategic and International Study ku London (CSIS), ndi cholinga chopereka maziko odalirika omvetsetsa mtundu wa zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kukula kwankhondo.
Ndinagwiritsa ntchito malipoti ochokera ku bungwe la United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) kuti ndiwonetsere momwe zida zamakono zimakhudzira chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe (kuyanjana kwa zamoyo zamoyo ndi chilengedwe chawo zomwe zimasunga bwino zachilengedwe ndikupereka chithandizo chofunikira kwa anthu). Ndidawunikanso maphunziro asayansi omwe adasindikizidwa mu “Physics of Fluids” kuti ndiyerekeze mpweya wotuluka ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe timachokera kunkhondo, ndi American Institute of Physics (Physics of Fluids), komanso magazini ya Environmental Science and Sustainability Technologies (ES&T), kuti aunikire momwe ntchito zankhondo zimakhudzira nthaka, madzi ndi mpweya, “S & T) kudzikundikira kwa mpweya woipitsa ndi particles zabwino, ndi magazini “Atmosphere” kuyeza zotsatira za ntchito “drones” pa mpweya mpweya, ndi cholinga chomanga kusanthula Integrated kumaphatikiza deta boma ndi kusanthula sayansi. Pa chilengedwe cha nkhondo.
Kuopsa kwa chilengedwe
The Conflict and Environment Observatory (yokhudzana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe za nkhondo zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, zochokera ku Britain), zimayang’anira zochitika zachilengedwe za 120 ku Middle East dera, 92 zomwe zinkayang’aniridwa ndi zowonongeka zachilengedwe, ku Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Jordan, Kupro, Bahrain, Qatar, Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Sultanate ya Oman, Oman ndi Lebanon. Kuyika kwa asitikali kunalemba zochitika za 56, pomwe mabwalo amlengalenga ndiwo adawonekera kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi zochitika za 36 m’malo a anthu wamba. Zochitikazi zidawononga malo omwe amasunga mankhwala oopsa pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu, zomwe zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa pamene malowa agwiritsidwanso ntchito, komanso zotsatira za midzi ndi zomangamanga zofunikira m’deralo.
Maziko a mpweya ndi zida za ku Iran adawonongeka kangapo, ndi ngozi yogwiritsa ntchito mafuta owopsa kwambiri a rocket mu zida zoponyera zida, pomwe mphamvu yankhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoponya ndi ma drones zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mpweya ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono. Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ndi tinthu ting’onoting’ono ta kuyaka kosakwanira kumakhalabe m’mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali, zomwe zimakhudza mpweya wabwino m’malo ankhondo ndi malo okhala pafupi. Kutulutsa kumeneku kumapanga gawo lanthawi yayitali la chilengedwe lomwe lingakhudze nthaka yozungulira ndi matupi amadzi. Kufalikira kwa madera akuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumafikira maiko oyandikana ndi Iran, ndizovuta kwambiri pamagulu a anthu komanso zomangamanga.
Kuwonetseredwa kwa malo a anthu wamba ku kuwonongeka koipitsidwa sikunali kokha kuzipatala ndi malo amafuta. Moto ndi kuphulika sikunawononge mankhwala onse, zomwe zinapangitsa kutulutsa mankhwala oopsa (ma dioxins ndi furans), makamaka m’matauni omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri. Lipoti la Observatory linayang’ana pa zoopsa za nyukiliya, kufotokoza kuti malo monga Natanz reactor ku Iran anawonongeka pang’ono ndi nyumba zapansi panthaka, pamene malo a Isfahan ndi Fordow akukumana ndi zoletsa zoyendera. Ananenanso kuti kupitiliza kwa ziwopsezo kapena zovuta zaukadaulo zitha kukulitsa kuthekera kwa kutayikira kwa zida zanyukiliya kapena ma radioactive. Izi zimabwera ngakhale kusowa kwa kuyang’anira komwe kumamveketsa kuchuluka kwa zoopsa, kapena njira zomwe zimatsimikizira kuchepetsa zomwe zingakhudze chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu oyandikana nawo.
Kuukira kwapamadzi kwawonjezera gawo latsopano pakuwononga chilengedwe, chifukwa kumenyedwa kwa zombo ndi malo am’mphepete mwa nyanja kwadzetsa kutayira kwakukulu kwa mafuta, kuwopseza matanthwe a coral, usodzi ndi mbalame za m’nyanja. Utsi wakuda wotuluka m’sitima zoyaka moto umanyamula zinthu zabwino za organic ndi mchere zomwe zimatha kufalikira mtunda wautali, zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azaumoyo. Kulakwitsa kulikonse kapena kuwukira kowonjezera pama tanki amafuta mu Strait of Hormuz kungayambitse ngozi yachilengedwe, yomwe imakhudza zachilengedwe zam’mphepete mwa nyanja komanso zosalimba. Malo opangira mafuta ndi gasi asanduka gwero la mpweya wapoizoni, zomwe zitha kusokoneza mpweya wowonjezera kutentha padziko lonse lapansi.
Lipoti la Observatory linayima pa fayilo ya “maulendo amadzi” mu Strait of Hormuz, kuchenjeza kuti kuwukira kulikonse kwa tanki zamafuta kungayambitse kutayikira kofala. Kuwonongeka kwake kwa m’nyanja sikukanaima pa utsi wakuda wa zombo zoyaka moto ndi chiwopsezo cha matanthwe a korali, usodzi, ndi mbalame za m’nyanja. Komabe, izi, zomwe zina zidachitika pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa matanki amafuta a “MKD Vyom,” “Skylight,” “Libra Trader,” “Gold Oak,” ndi “Safeen Prestige,” zomwe zikuwopseza kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe, popeza madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zachilengedwe zosalimba zitha kukhudzidwa kwambiri.
Zida za ku America
Zida zapamwamba za US-Israel ndi ma drones, komanso kuwulutsa kwa rocket ndi zida zankhondo zazikulu, zawonjezera gawo lopitilira chilengedwe. Kumenyedwa kwa US kunayang’ana zida zazikulu zankhondo zaku Iran, kuwononga mabwalo a mizinga ndi ma eyapoti, komanso kuphulika kwa malo osungira zida.
Iran idayankha ku bomba la US poyang’ana mabwalo amlengalenga ndi apanyanja ku Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain ndi UAE, zomwe zidawononga zida ndi zida zankhondo. Kuphulikaku kunatulutsa poizoni wa organic ndi mineral compounds, ndipo mpweyawo umafalikira mumlengalenga ndi m’madzi, zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa komwe kumapitilira mtunda wautali ndikuwonjezera kuopsa kwa chilengedwe kumadera akumidzi ndi m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikuthekera kwa kuipitsa kupitilira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Panyanja, ziwopsezozi zidaphatikizanso malo ankhondo aku Iran panyanja ya Arabian Gulf, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zombo zimire. Kutayika kwa mafuta chifukwa cha ntchitozi kumasokoneza chilengedwe. Mabwalo apamlengalenga aku America omwe ali pafupi ndi Iran, pamodzi ndi gulu la ndege za F-15, F-16, ndi F-35, adaponya mizinga ndi mabomba owongolera kumalo aku Iran. Kuphulikaku kunatsagana ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono tating’onoting’ono komanso mpweya woipa womwe ungakhalebe m’mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, kusintha kapangidwe ka mpweya m’malo omwe akuwunikiridwa komanso oyandikana nawo, ndikuchulukitsa kuwirikiza kawiri kuwononga chilengedwe cha zida zakupha.
Pantchito, zida zachitetezo zaku America “Patriot” ndi “THAAD” zidatulutsa tinthu tating’onoting’ono ndi mpweya woipitsa. Zotulutsazi zimafalikira kunthaka ndi matupi amadzi, zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe komwe kumakhudza mwachindunji thanzi la anthu omwe ali pafupi ndi malo ankhondo. Kuwukira kwa America pa zida zankhondo zaku Iran ndi zida zamagetsi zidaphatikizanso malo olamulira a Revolutionary Guard ndi ena, kuphatikiza zida zankhondo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo. Mivi ya Tomahawk ndi PrSM imayambitsa mizere ya mpweya wotentha ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono.
Kufalikira kwa mankhwala a hydrocarbon monga mafuta ndi mafuta, pamodzi ndi zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zosalekeza zomwe zimachitika mumlengalenga, madzi ndi nthaka, zimakweza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Zoipitsa zimenezi zimakhudza ntchito zofunika kwambiri za nthaka ndi madzi, zimachepetsa mphamvu ya zamoyo kukhala ndi moyo, ndiponso zimawopseza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wasayansi akusonyeza kuti zotsalira za zida ndi mankhwala ogwirizana nawo amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kungakhalepo kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
Zowopsa za Israeli
Israeli idachita ziwopsezo zamlengalenga pamalo oponya zida ndi zida zankhondo ku Iran, ndikuloza malo osungiramo zida ndi malo osungira zida. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndege za F-35I ndi F-16I ndi zida zowongolera zidayambitsa moto ndi kuphulika komwe kumatulutsa tinthu tating’onoting’ono ta nitrogen ndi kaboni. Tsokalo silinangochitika mkatikati mwa Iran, koma limaphatikizapo malire a Lebanon, pomwe Israeli adachita zigawenga zolimbana ndi malo a Hezbollah kumwera kwa Beirut ndi madera akumidzi a Beirut ndi Bekaa Valley, kutsata zowombera zida ndi malo ogulitsa zida.
Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa mafuta ndi zida zoyendetsera rocket kumawopseza anthu okhala m’maderawa, makamaka ana ndi okalamba, ndikuwonjezera mwayi wopitilira kuwonongeka kwa thanzi. Kugwira ntchito kwa mpweya ku Israeli kumayambitsa kutuluka kwa mpweya wabwino ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe timayaka mafuta mu injini za ndege ndi mabomba otsogoleredwa, ndipo zonyansazi zimakhalabe m’mlengalenga kwa nthawi yaitali, kusintha mawonekedwe a mpweya.
Kumenyedwa kwa Israeli kunayang’ananso zida za anthu wamba zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zankhondo, kuphatikiza misewu, milatho ndi zida zothandizira. Kugwa kwa nyumba kumatulutsa tinthu tating’ono tating’ono kuphatikiza zitsulo zolemera ndi ma organic compounds, kuonjezera chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Israeli kwa ma drones ndi zida zotsogola kumathandizira kuti pakhale mpweya wochulukirapo wa chilengedwe, womwe ungafalikire mtunda wautali ndikuipiraipira ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito, makamaka zida zapamwamba zikawotchedwa. Kuphulika kobwerezabwereza kumasintha zinthu zomangira kukhala zowononga zovuta kuphatikiza zinthu zosakwanira kuyaka, kuchulukitsa chiopsezo kwa anthu ndi nyama zakuthengo.
Zochita zapamlengalenga zaku Israeli zikuwonetsa kuti ntchito zankhondo sizongokhudza anthu ovulala mwachindunji, ndikugogomezera kufunikira kowunika kodziyimira pawokha kuopsa kwa zida za Israeli ku chilengedwe komanso madera omwe ali m’malo ankhondo kuti atsimikizire kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika.
Udindo waku Iran
Kugunda kwa mizinga yaku Iran pamlengalenga ndi m’malo am’madzi ku Arabian Gulf kudapangitsa kuti mafuta amadzimadzi atulutsidwe ndi zida zophulika, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpweya woipa womwe umawononga mpweya, makamaka m’mizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndikuwonjezera kuopsa kwa chilengedwe ngati zida zowonongeka zankhondo zigwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zina. Zida zankhondo zaku Iran zimaphatikizanso zida zazitali, zapakatikati komanso zazifupi, komanso zida zoponya molunjika.
Kugwiritsa ntchito miyalayi kumatulutsa tinthu ting’onoting’ono toyaka toyaka komanso mpweya woipitsa, kuphatikiza ma nitrogen oxides ndi carbon monoxide, omwe amawononga mpweya wabwino. Utsi umachulukana mobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ku dothi, mabwalo amadzi ndi zachilengedwe zakumaloko. Ma drones aku Iran, kuphatikiza “Hadid 110,” “Shahd 147,” ndi “Al-Muhajir 10,” amadalira injini za jet kapena pisitoni zomwe zimayendera mafuta.
Zotsatira zake zimakhudza mpweya pafupi ndi malo otulutsiramo ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Kuukira kwa Iran pazigawo zamafuta ndi gasi kumayambitsa moto woyima womwe umakweza utsi wochuluka ndi tinthu tating’ono ta sulfure ndi nitrogen oxide, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya komwe kumakhudza kupuma komanso thanzi la anthu.
Malo oponya mizinga aku Iran ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta amadzi oopsa kwambiri. Kuphulika kwamafuta oponya mizinga kumatulutsa tinthu ting’onoting’ono tomwe timapanga tinthu tating’onoting’ono ndi mankhwala oopsa, kuphatikiza ma organic acids monga RDX, TNT, ndi HMX. Kafukufuku wasayansi akuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zida zankhondo zaku Iran ndi ma drones kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating’onoting’ono komanso mpweya woipitsa.
Deta yonse ikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo yaku America-Israel pa Iran ndi zotsatira zake zakudera zimapitilira kuwonongeka kwa asitikali, ndikupanga zovuta zachilengedwe zomwe zikuwopseza mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka m’maiko aku Middle East. Kutulutsa mpweya ndi tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe timachokera ku zida zoponya ndi ma drones, kuphatikiza pamoto m’malo ankhondo ndi anthu wamba, kunyamula zitsulo ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri monga ma dioxins ndi ma organic compounds, omwe amachulukitsa kuwopsa kwa thanzi la anthu ndikuwopseza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana.
Kuchulukana kwa zowononga izi m’mlengalenga, m’madzi ndi m’nthaka zikuwonetsa kukula kwa chilengedwe kuyambira kumizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja kupita kumadera akumidzi ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo, zomwe zitha kukhala ndi vuto pazakudya ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zofunikira, kupangitsa kuwunika kodziyimira pawokha kwachiwopsezo cha chilengedwe kufunikira kwachangu kuonetsetsa kumvetsetsa kwatsatanetsatane kwa zotsatira za nkhondo yazachilengedwe mderali.
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